Genetic parameters for spawning and growth traits in the Pacific white shrimp (Penaeus (Litopenaeus) vannamei)

The aim of this study was to estimate genetic parameters for spawning traits and growth traits in a breeding line of Pacific white shrimp, Penaeus (Litopenaeus) vannamei, selected for growth and survival. Traits studied were number of eggs (NE) and number of nauplii (NN) and female body weight at insemination (FWI) and body weight at 130 days of age (BW130). Genetic parameters were estimated using a multivariate animal model. Heritability for NE and NN were estimated as 0.13 ± 0.04 and 0.03 ± 0.04 respectively. The contribution to NN total variation due to ‘factors associated with male’ effect was estimated as 0.47 ± 0.07. In the cases of FWI and BW130, heritability was estimated as 0.44 ± 0.08 and 0.19 ± 0.03 respectively. Genetic correlation between FWI and NE was estimated as 0.49 ± 0.15, between FWI and NN as 0.54 ± 0.39 and between NE and NN as 0.27 ± 0.41, whereas the genetic correlations of FWI, NE and NN with BW130 were 0.30 ± 0.13, ?0.21 ± 0.19 and ?0.25 ± 0.38 respectively. Although it is important to perform more studies on this issue, our results found no evidence of a genetic antagonistic effect between female reproductive traits and body weight at harvesting (130 days of age) in P. vannamei.     

Genetic diversity within sea trout population from an intensively stocked southern Baltic river,based on microsatellite DNA analysis

Sea trout, Salmo trutta L., populations in the Slupia River basin have been affected by mass stocking with smolts and fry. This work is focused on a small‐scale differentiation in sea trout populations from one basin with a strong emphasis on the relationship between wild and hatchery origin fish. A total of 216 sea trout were genotyped at 10 microsatellite loci. Global F_ST obtained by amova was low at 0.0165. Pairwise F_ST were significant for all tests except wild and stocked adults. The highest pairwise difference was found between the hatchery sample and Kwacza (F_ST = 0.038). Analysis of the genetic structure revealed micro‐geographical differentiation with four subpopulations. The quality of the artificial spawning was found not to be adequate with a high risk of adverse effects to the whole population. All future stocking actions in the basin should consider the existing population structures.     

西江两个广东鲂产卵场浮游植物群落差异分析

2007年4月23～24日对西江两个天然广东鲂产卵场——青皮塘和罗旁的浮游植物种类组成及分布进行了调查,共发现浮游植物98种(含变种、变型和未知藻种),其中硅藻门(Bacillariophyta)70种,占总种数的71.43%;绿藻门(Chlorophyta)12属20种,占总种数的20.41%;蓝藻门(Cyanophyta)3属4种;裸藻门(Euglenophyta)2属2种;隐藻门(Cryptophyta)和金藻门(Chrysophyta)均为1种。两产卵场中,硅藻在浮游植物总密度中所占百分比均大于70%。青皮塘的浮游植物种类数和种群密度均呈自上游至下游增加的趋势;罗旁则相反。变异直链藻(M.varians)是两个产卵场共有的绝对优势种,根据该种的污染指示性作用,其在两个产卵场的分布差异在一定程度上或一个侧面反映出,罗旁的水质环境略优于青皮塘。     

Is spawning stock biomass a robust proxy for reproductive potential?

Reference points based on fishing mortality (F) and spawning stock biomass (SSB) are a requirement of many fisheries management frameworks. SSB is assumed to be a proxy for stock reproductive potential (SRP). Limit reference points based on SSB are used to indicate the level of biomass below which productivity is affected. SSB fails to account for changes in fecundity, egg viability and sex ratio, and it has been argued that total egg production (TEP) provides a better reflection of SRP. We explore how accounting for TEP impacts limit reference points and evidence for a relationship between stock and recruit. Time series of SSB and TEP are compared for three North Sea stocks: cod (Gadus morhua), herring (Clupea harengus) and plaice (Pleuronectes platessa). Dynamics based on TEP are different from those based on SSB for cod and plaice, but the stock–recruit relationships were not ‘improved’ using TEP. Shifts in productivity (spawner per recruit) occur in all three time series and SSB underestimated uncertainty. Yet again, it was shown that assumptions of stationarity about fish population productivity are incorrect. We argue that the use of TEP does improve the realism in our understanding of stock dynamics, and demographically, more complex management strategy evaluation is required to develop management procedures that are robust to uncertainty and integrate F and the demographic health of a stock. Empirical feedback control systems based on fisheries independent indices including surveys of eggs, larvae, recruits, juveniles or spawning adults should be evaluated and compared to traditional approaches.     

长江上游白鲟幼鱼形态发育和产卵场的调查研究

１９８９年３月至１９９１年６月对长江重庆江段１９尾白鲟（体长４８０～１１４８ｍｍ）的形态、生长和食性进行了分析及年龄鉴定。结果表明，幼鲟生长较快，身体各部分增长不一致，眼径、吻须增长较慢。其体长（ＢＬ）、体重（Ｗ）的关系式为：Ｗ＝５．２１１９×１０－６ＢＬ２．９２７１。白鲟为肉食性鱼类，体长约６４７ｍｍ的幼鲟主要摄食小型鲤科鱼类。葛洲坝截流后，长江上游白鲟产卵场未变，种群数量有所回升。     

不同条件下豆天蛾卵的发育情况研究

为探究豆天蛾卵在不同条件下的发育情况, 分别对不同湿度、不同温度以及不同产卵月份所产的豆天蛾卵的孵化率以及卵期进行了比较。结果表明, 温度为20℃, 湿度为50%时, 豆天蛾卵孵化率为92.33%, 显著高于湿度为25%和75%的孵化率(P<0.05); 平均卵期为9.08 d, 显著短于其他湿度条件下的平均卵期(P<0.05)。湿度一定时（50%）, 温度为30℃时孵化率最高, 达97.00%;其次为25℃, 孵化率达91.00%。豆天蛾卵在此两种温度下孵化率显著高于除20℃外的其他温度(P<0.05)。35℃下平均卵期最短, 为5.32 d; 其次为30℃和25℃, 分别为5.45 d和5.70 d。此3种温度下的卵期无显著差异, 但均显著短于15℃和20℃下的卵期(P<0.05)。湿度、温度一定时, 产自4、5、6、7、8月的豆天蛾卵中, 6月的卵孵化率最高, 达96.67%, 显著高于其他4个月份豆天蛾卵的孵化率(P<0.05)。4－8月产的卵平均卵期分别为10.07、7.08、6.80、6.07 d和5.34 d。本研究明确了各因子对豆天蛾卵孵化效果的影响, 完善了人工养殖豆天蛾技术体系, 为大规模、工厂化养殖提供了理论基础和技术保障。     

Soil chronosequence and biosequence on old lake sediments of the Burdur Lake in Turkey

The Burdur Lake is located in the southwest of Turkey, and its area has decreased by 40% from 211 km² in 1975 to 126 km² in 2019. In this study, we investigated how the soil has changed in the lacustrine material. Three soil profiles were sampled from the former lakebed (chronosequence profiles: P1, 2007; P2, 1994; and P3, 1975), and three soil profiles under different land use types (biosequence profiles: P4, native forest vegetation; P5, agriculture; and P6, lakebed) were sampled. The chronosequence and biosequence soil profiles represented various distances from the Burdur Lake and showed different stages of lacustrine evolution. Soil electrical conductivity (EC; 18.1 to 0.4 dS m_-1), exchangeable Na⁺ (34.7 to 1.4 cmol kg^-1) and K⁺ (0.61 to 0.56 cmol kg^-1), and water-soluble Cl^- (70.3 to 2.1 cmol L^-1) and SO₄^2- (275.9 to 25.0 cmol L^-1) decreased with increasing distance from the Burdur Lake, whereas the A horizon thickness (10 to 48 cm), structure formation (0 to 48 cm), gleization-oxidation depth (0 to 79 cm), and montmorillonite and organic matter (OM; 25.9 to 46.0 g kg^-1) contents increased in the chronosequence soil profiles. The formation of P3 in the chronosequence and P5 in the biosequence soil profiles increased due to longer exposure to pedogenic processes (time, land use, vegetation, etc.). Changes in EC, exchangeable cation (Na⁺ and K⁺) and water-soluble anion (Cl^- and SO₄^2-) concentrations of the salt-enriched horizon, OM, gleization-oxidation depth, A horizon thickness, and structure formation of the chronosequence and biosequence soil profiles (especially the topsoil horizon) were highly related to the distance from the Burdur Lake, time, and land use.     

Long-term variability in spawning stock age structure influences climate–recruitment link for Barents Sea cod

Fish populations may spawn a vast number of offspring, while only a small and highly variable fraction of a new cohort survives long enough to enter into the fisheries as recruits. It is intuitive that the size and state of the spawning stock, the adult part of the fish population, is important for recruitment. Additionally, environmental conditions can greatly influence survival through vulnerable early life stages until recruitment. To understand what regulates recruitment, an essential part of fish population dynamics, it is thus necessary to explain the impact of fluctuations in both spawning stock and environment, including interactions. Here, we examine if the connection between the environment and recruitment is affected by the state of the spawning stock, including biomass, mean age and age diversity. Specifically, we re-evaluate the hypothesis stating that recruitment from a spawning stock dominated by young fish and few age classes is more vulnerable to environmental fluctuations. We expand upon earlier work on the Barents Sea stock of Atlantic cod, now with data series extended in time both backwards and forwards to cover the period 1922–2019. While our findings are correlative and cannot prove a specific cause and effect mechanism, they support earlier work and strengthen the evidence for the hypothesis above. Furthermore, this study supports that advice to fisheries management should include considerations of environmental status.     

Fish larvae dynamics in temperate estuaries: A review on processes,patterns and factors that determine recruitment

Early life stages of fish (eggs and larvae) are particularly vulnerable with mortality rates of up to 99% recorded for a large number of species. High mortality rates result from the limited swimming ability of larvae preventing them from escaping sub-optimal environmental conditions, predators or low prey density areas. In this context, estuaries are key nursery areas for larval and juvenile fish. Estuarine habitats offer environmental conditions favourable to the survival and growth of early stages, through abundant good-quality prey and protection from predators. A vast literature on larvae occurring in temperate estuaries exists, but an overall perspective is lacking. The occurrence of fish larvae in temperate estuaries depends on several factors. First, the choice of spawning time and location is primordial, as they have evolved to optimise the entry and the retention of larvae in the estuary as well as the conditions experienced by young stages. Secondly, larval growth and survival depend on key environmental factors (e.g. salinity, water temperature, freshwater inputs, turbidity and dissolved oxygen concentration). Knowledge of the larval dynamics in temperate estuaries is scarce for some topics and biased towards some species or geographical areas. The main goal of the present literature review is to synthesise existing knowledge regarding spawning timing and location and larval ecology for fish species occurring in coasts and estuaries, identifying the main patterns, consensus or conflicting hypotheses and highlighting major gaps. Research needs and future perspectives were outlined.     

Competitive exclusion of brown trout Salmo trutta L., by rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum, in lake tributaries, New Zealand

Spawning runs of brown trout Salmo trutta L., and rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum, were compared in three tributaries of two lakes for timing, numbers and redd characteristics. Redd characteristics for the two species in four other streams were examined. No significant differences in redd characteristics between the two species were observed, but in all lake tributaries the possibilities of superimposition of spring spawning rainbow trout on redds of brown trout were examined. A common feature was the high ratio of numbers of spawners to the area of preferred spawning gravel, and it was concluded that in the lake tributaries, superimposition resulted in increased mortality of brown trout eggs, and in one case elimination of the brown trout population. Management possibilities for control of the species proportions in comparable situations are discussed.